Materials and Measurements
Materials
- Magnetic thin films, multilayers, and heterostructures
- Particulate
- Continuous
- Magneto-optical
- Magnetic MEMS
- Magnetoresistors (MR)
- Tunneling-MR (TMR)
- Giant-MR (GMR)
- Colossal-MR (CMR)
- Nanomagnetic materials
- Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS)
- Paramagnets
- Diamagnets
- Superconductors
- Spin glasses
- Molecular magnetic materials
- Nanocrystalline magnetic alloys
- Amorphous magnets
- Melt spun ribbons
- Rare-earth permanent magnets
- Ferrites
- Hard
- Semi-hard
- Ferrofluids
- Biological and biomedical
- Stents
- MRI contrast agents
- Nanoscale and microscale particles
- Magnetic powders and inks
Direct and derived measurements as a function of field, temperature, and time
- Field-dependent measurements
- Major and minor hysteresis loops
- Saturation magnetization (MSAT)
- Remanent magnetization (MREM)
- Remanent induction
- BR
- Coercivity (HC)
- Intrinsic coercivity (HCi)
- Slope at HC (S*)
- dM/dH derivative curves
- Differential susceptibility at HC
- Switching field distribution (SFD)
- Flatness
- Squareness ratio (SQR)
- Initial magnetization curve
- 2nd quadrant demagnetization curves
- Maximum energy
- Product (BHMAX)
- DC demagnetization (DCD) remanence
- Isothermal (IRM) remanence
- Permeability curves
- Pinned and free layer parameters
- Exchange field
- Magnetic anisotropy and rotational hysteresis
- Vector (anisotropy) measurements (mx and my)
- Torque curves: τ = µoM × H = -µoMyHxk^
- Temperature dependent measurements M(T)
- Curie point
- Blocking temperature
- Superconducting transitions and more
- Time dependent measurements M(t)
- Magnetic relaxation
- Magnetic viscosity
- First order reversal curves (FORCs)
Measurement examples
11 µemu CoPt hard disk film
Magnetic tape — minor loop results
Vector results
FORCs for a ferrite sample
CoPt thin film — M(H) for H parallel and perpendicular to film plane
CMR film — low temperature results
NdFeB — initial magnetization, minor and major loops
NiFe thin film (3 nm) — 3.5 nAm2 (3.5 µemu) and 4 A/m (0.05 Oe) steps
my vs. Hxvs. θ
M(T) on warming and cooling for a nanocrystalline melt-spun ribbon (NdFeBX)
Magnetic tunnel junction with Al2O3 barrier*
Magnetic tunnel junction with MgO barrier*
